Investigation of parallels between human basal metabolic features and local Earth magnetic field

The human body, even at rest, needs energy to perform necessary physiological functions. Strict conditions are required for measuring basal metabolic rate (BMR). Many factors that have a direct impact on BMR including the condition of autonomic nervous. All living systems are affected by external and internal environments. One factor in the external environment is the Earth’s magnetic field, which fluctuates over a wide frequency range. A series of studies indicate that low frequency magnetic fields can affect cellular mitochondrial activity and impacts every cell’s metabolism. Information on gas metabolism during respiration was obtained by indirect calorimetry using a system where the gas flow was continuously analyzed. Time varying local Earth magnetic field data were recorded at a magnetometer site located in Lithuania using 2 induction coil magnetometers. For all magnetic field data, power spectral density PSD was calculated for every hour (fast Fourier transformation) in the band between 0.32 to 36 Hz. Investigations of metabolic rate were performed in Lithuanian during 2016-2020 years. We assessed 395 persons: 116 men and 279 women. Conclusions: 1) Oxygen consumption has significant negative correlation with local geomagnetic field activity; 2) Metabolic rate decreases with increases in local geomagnetic time varying field power; 3) Measured metabolic rate decreases with increase of local geomagnetic field power.


Introduction
The human body, even at rest, requires energy to perform necessary physiological functions, such as the contraction of the muscles of the heart and respiratory system, the maintenance of potential gradients across cell membranes, and the regeneration and recovery of cells. The body's energy needs are met either through food intake or through the use of accumulated reserves [1]. The energy released by the cells is mainly used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphates. Fasting energy stores are mobilized by hormones (including glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol) and oxidized to maintain an adequate energy supply [1]. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measurement of the number of calories needed to perform your body's most basic (basal) functions, like breathing, circulation and cell production. BMR is most accurately measured in a lab setting under very restrictive conditions.
The subject should have fasted, be physically and psychologically relaxed, and at an appropriate ambient temperature [2]. These conditions can be difficult to establish in practice, so a resting metabolic rate (RMR) study is often chosen to obtain more realistic study data. The RMR is estimated to be about 10 % higher during a 24-hour period than the BMR [1]. The main, and most important determinants of BMR are: 1) weight as energy consumption is determined by cellular mass, therefore body weight is the most important factor in determining BMR; 2) gender, BMR is related to muscle mass, which is higher in men than in women, and the metabolic rate in women is 5-10 % lower than in men; 3) age, BMR, expressed in kg of body weight, and the active cell mass varies from infancy to old age; 4) genetic factors, there are genetic differences in human metabolic rate, although they are still poorly studied [1].
The values and coefficients (sex) of these factors (height, weight, and age) are used in various formulas of theoretical BMR calculation (Harris -Benedict, Scofild et al.) [1].
Of course, there are many other factors that have a direct impact on BMR such as certain drugs and foods (e.g., nicotine, caffeine, amphetamine, capsaicin in hot pepper, appetite suppressants), diseases and related factors (e.g., fever, thyroid disease, cancer) and environmental conditions (e.g., severe heat or cold) [1], [2]. Starvation can reduce BMR as the body tries to adapt to a life-threatening situation, as can dieting because they are trying to lose weight [1], [3]. If the lifestyle is sedentary, BMR usually accounts for about 60-70 % of daily energy expenditure [1]. The activity levels of autonomic nervous system has a significant effect on BMR too [3].
All biological systems are affected by both the external and internal environments. One factor in the external environment is the Earth's time varying magnetic field, which fluctuates over a wide frequency range. One aspect of f these oscillations are called Schuman resonances [4]. These fields can affect almost every cell in living systems [5]. A series of research studies indicates that low-frequency magnetic fields can affect cellular mitochondrial activity and have impact into every cell metabolism [6], [7].
It is well known that geomagnetic field line resonances and the Schuman resonances occurring in the cavity between the Earth and the ionosphere produce resonant frequencies that coincide directly with the frequencies of the human brain, autonomic nervous system, and cardiovascular system [4], [8].
Research shows that daily activity of the autonomic nervous system not only responds to changes in solar and geomagnetic activity, but is also synchronized with time-varying magnetic fields associated with geomagnetic field line resonances and Schumann resonances that coincide with physiological rhythms [9], [10], [11] and may affect human health [12], [13], [14].
An important aspect in this area of research is to understand the differences between global and local GMFs. There is a lot of research on global GMA and health outcomes, but it was not possible to measure our local GMA in Lithuania due to the lack of a local magnetometer. Since the GMA detection facility was installed in Lithuania in 2014 by HeartMath Institute (California, USA), we now have the opportunity to obtain accurate local data and conduct studies examining the potential links between GMA and human health in Lithuania [9], [15].
The aim of this study: to investigate the potential relationships between the basal (resting) metabolism of the human body and the local Earth time varying magnetic field activity.

Research methodology
Medical device used for the research: spyroergometry system Metacontrol 3000, (Cortex Biophysik GmbH, Germany). Information on gas metabolism during respiration was obtained by indirect calorimetry where the gas flow was continuously analyzed. The study was conducted in the morning before the subject had eaten. The subject laid on the couch for 15 minutes psychologically and physically relaxed. Breathing was performed through a special gas flow recorder. O 2 consumption and CO 2 emissions were continuously analyzed and their ratio (RQ) was calculated. The best quality 5 min section was selected from the 15 min recording (automatically selected by the computer). The results were analyzed and mean resting metabolic rate (M_RMR) was calculated and compared with the norm resting metabolic rate (N_RMR), where RMR = BMR + 10 percent.

Measure of local earth magnetic field
Time varying local Earth magnetic field data were recorded at the GCI magnetometer site located in Lithuania using 2 Zonge Engineering Inc. (Tucson Arizona) ANT4 induction coil magnetometers. Magnetometer records data in two directions -north/south and east/west. Signals from the magnetometer were collected with a 24 bit ADC (Symmetric Research, Las Vegas NV) at 130 Hz frequency. For all data the power spectral density (PSD) was calculated using a FFT (fast Fourier transformation) for every hour [16]. Power of spectral density was calculated in 0.32 to 36 Hz frequency range from the Lithuanian (GCI003) magnetometer for East -West direction (E-W). This frequency band embraces the same frequency bands that are typically used for human brain waves [17]. Asses to magnetometric data (for GCI003) are in web page https://www.heartmath.org/research/global-coherence/gcms-live-data/. The study was carried out with Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee Permision No. BE-50.

Results
The changes in local Earth time varying magnetic field (LEMF) mean monthly power is presented in Fig. 1. It was lowest in year 2016, then increase till 2018. The number of men and women, for whom the RMR was measured is shown in Fig. 2. The number of women is about twice than men. During the year 2020, only a small number of participants were assessed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
The ratio between the number of men and women shown in Fig. 3. It is interesting to see that curve has a strong negative correlation with the changes in LGMF in Fig. 1.
For individuals who were assessed during the study period, we observed a positive correlation between their age and local GMF (corr(r) = 0.2822, 0.05). Although this is a weak positive correlation, it potentially indicates the need for older people to use spa services to achieve bodystrengthening effects under the most favorable LGMF conditions, although apparently this was done on an intuitive level without sufficient information.
The values of RMR for women and men are shown in Table 1. Measured M_RMR for women was less than for men. Correlations between M_RMR and LGMF were significantly negative (Table 1).   Fig. 4. The correlations with M_RMR has tendency to be negatively correlated. It means, that in constant energy consumption in human organism, measured RMR is less, when power of LGMF fluctuations in low frequencies increase. What can show, that LGMF itself, support basal metabolic rate. Oxygen (VO 2 ) consumption, as well as carbon dioxide (VCO 2 ) emissions, was negatively correlated with LGMF intensity and, these rates were slightly lower for women than for men ( Table 2).

Discussion
The human metabolic parameters studied over a five-year period undoubtedly had many influences modulating their changes, such as meteorological factors, and different seasons. However, some, albeit weak, links with the LGMF have emerged. We find it interesting and potentially important that the correlations of these relationships are negative. The BMI of the subjects did not differ significantly from year to year. However, the data show that a stronger power in the resonant frequencies in LGMF requires less energy resources ( Table 2) in order to maintain the same body functionality at rest. Given the information [6], [7] that the low-frequency magnetic field stimulates cellular mitochondrial activity, it can be suspected that, in fact, the efficiency of O 2 utilization increases with stronger LGMF activity (resonant frequencies), resulting in the cells have less need for oxygen to the cellular efficiency. We believe that this is supported by the data from this study.
A number of studies have shown that reliable correlations between both LGMF [17] and GMF activity [18] and human organism functionalities are observed. While studies examining magnetic field disturbance show negative effects on health outcomes, a growing body of research is indicating that increases in the resonant frequencies in the Earth's magnetic fields is positively associated with the decrease of pathological processes. This link is successfully used in the course of spa treatment, the success of which is partly due to increased activity of LGMF. Indirectly, these factors apparently also modulate the arrival of women and men in spa and change the relationship between men and women in them.

Conclusions
This study examined the relationships between the basal metabolic rate and the spectral power in Earth's local magnetic field in the frequency range between 0.32 to 36 Hz in 395 participants over a 5-year period. Several surprising and important correlations were found. It was shown that the increased Local Earth magnetic field activity (resonant frequencies) appear to have significant positive impact on human metabolic features and show an increase the efficiency of organism functionality. Oxygen consumption had a significant negative correlation with local geomagnetic field activity and the resting metabolic rate decreased with increase of local geomagnetic field power. Therefore, this study adds to the growing body of research suggesting that increases in the resonant frequencies in the Earth's magnetic fields is positively associated with the decrease of pathological processes.