Bearing fault diagnosis method based on EEMD and adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet

In this work, a novel bearing fault diagnosis method based on EEMD and adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet is proposed. Firstly, EEMD method is used to decompose rolling bearing signals of different fault types, and the correlation coefficient criterion method is carried out in order to screen effective IMF components and reconstruct them. Then, the adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet method is used to denoise the reconstructed signal, and the energy characteristics of different fault signals are extracted. Finally, the bearing fault diagnosis system is constructed by BP neural network diagnosis. The results show that the diagnostic method proposed in this paper has better diagnosis efficiency and precision than the traditional wavelet packet.


Introduction
Rolling bearing is one of the most widely used components and parts in rotating machinery. It has the function of bearing load and relative motion. Its running state is directly related to the performance and life of the whole equipment [1,2]. Although wavelet packet transform has multi resolution capability to decompose high and low frequency signals in bearing fault diagnosis. However, wavelet packet transform takes a preset single wavelet function as the basis function of signal decomposition, so it can't carry out adaptive analysis according to the characteristics of the signal. Secondly, due to the sampling operation of wavelet packet transform, the length of each frequency band during signal decomposition is only 1/2 of the signal length before decomposition. The more levels of decomposition, the amount of information carried by each frequency band signal is reduced layer by layer, and the time resolution is reduced, thus the signal distortion is easy to occur [3]. In addition, the decomposition result of sampling operation is translational variable, which is easy to cause frequency aliasing.
In response to the above problems, this paper is on the basis of literature [4], based on the EEMD (Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, EEMD) and adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet bearing fault diagnosis method, through non-sampling operation, keeping the signal length of each frequency band consistent with the initial signal length, effectively retaining the impact component information in the bearing signal, make the information redundant, achieve the purpose of accurately extracting the frequency of rolling bearing faults, and successfully realize the diagnosis of such faults.

EEMD principle
EEMD is an improved method of EMD, which is based on the decomposition of the data itself and does not need to set the basis function in advance, which makes the instantaneous frequency of each component have physical significance, and also avoids the modal aliasing between components. EEMD makes use of the characteristic of uniform frequency distribution of Gaussian white noise to make the decomposition scale of noisy signal uniformly distributed and suppress impulse interference; meanwhile, it changes the characteristics of signal extreme points to make the signal continuous in different scales.
The process of EEMD decomposition is as follows [5,6].
Step 1: Add times of Gaussian white noise with a mean value of zero and a constant standard deviation to the input signal ( ), construct the initial signal ( ), namely: (1) Step 2: Perform EMD decomposition of the initial signal ( ) to obtain intrinsic modal function IMF components and a remaining item ( ): where ( ) is the -th IMF component generated by EMD decomposition after adding Gaussian white noise for the -th times.
Step 3: calculate the mean value of each IMF component ( ) to obtain the IMF component ( ) and remaining items ( ). This step can reduce or even eliminate the impact of the joined ( ) on the IMF: where, ( ) is the -th IMF component obtained after EEMD decomposition of signal ( ). Therefore, the signal ( ) decomposed by EEMD can be composed of ( ) and ( ), as shown in Eq. (5):

Decomposition and reconstruction algorithm of adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet
Compared with the sampling lifting wavelet packet [7,8] decomposition process, the method of this paper eliminates the subdivision link and uses non sampling method for operation. Let be the -th frequency band signal decomposed by the original signal at the layer. Each sample of the upper layer signal is predicted by adjacent 2 sample signals through the non sampling prediction operator [ ] , and the predicted difference is the high-frequency detail signal VIBROENGINEERING PROCEDIA. NOVEMBER 2020, VOLUME 34 Eq. (7) [4]: In the equation, = 2, 4, 6,…, 2 , [ ] is the adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet prediction operator coefficient of the detail signal ( ) , and [ ] is the adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet update operator coefficient of the approximation signal .
The reconstruction process of adaptive redundant lifting scheme packet is the inverse operation of the above decomposition process, including updating, predicted recovery and merging. The expressions of these three links are shown in Eq. (8) to Eq. (10): * ( )

Experimental setup
The type of fault simulation bearing used in the experiment is fan end deep groove ball bearing SKF-6203, the number of rolling elements is 8, and the specific parameters of bearing are shown in Table 1 [9]. When measuring, the motor speed is 1797 r/min. According to the bearing parameters and motor speed, the bearing fault characteristic frequency is calculated, as shown in Table 2. Slight damage to the rolling bearing at the fan end of the motor, and the vibration signal of the fan end was collected with a sampling frequency of 12 kHz.

Experimental analysis
The uniform white noise with intensity of 0.2 is added to the inner ring, outer ring and ball body fault signals in turn, and then EEMD decomposition is performed. The screening results of each fault signal are shown in Fig. 1. Through the correlation coefficient criterion method, the above different fault type signals decomposed by EEMD are effectively screened, and IMF components with correlation coefficient less than the threshold value of 0.1 are removed, and then reconstructed. Next, perform energy feature extraction and normalize it. Input the extracted energy fault features into the established BP neural network diagnosis system, and set the transfer functions of the hidden layer and output layer to logsig and purelin respectively, the number of training sessions is set to 1,000 and the minimum mean square error index is set at 10-8. In this paper, there are four failure modes of rolling bearings: no failure (1, 0, 0, 0), bearing inner ring failure (0, 1, 0, 0), rolling element failure (0, 0, 1, 0), bearing outer ring failure (0, 0, 0, 1).
In order to test the effectiveness of the diagnosis method proposed in this paper, the traditional wavelet packet and redundant lifting scheme packet are respectively used for denoising pre-treatment, and then the same BP neural network is used for training. The output results of the network are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively. The results show that the running time of BP neural network based on redundant lifting scheme packet is 0.911250 seconds, while that of BP neural network based on traditional wavelet packet is 1.519367 seconds. Obviously, the BP neural network based on the redundant lifting scheme packet is more efficient. In addition, Table 3 shows the network input results of the two methods. It is not difficult to see that the diagnosis method proposed in this paper has higher diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions
In order to effectively extract the vibration signal of early fault of rolling bearing which is easy to be submerged by strong noise, we propose a novel fault diagnosis method by combining EEMD and redundant lifting scheme packet. Using the new method, we first perform signal screening and denoising pretreatment, and then extract more effective fault signal. In order to realize the classification of different rolling bearing faults, the energy feature of the preprocessed fault signal is extracted and used as the input of BP neural network. The diagnosis results of BP neural network show that the proposed diagnosis method has higher diagnosis accuracy and efficiency than the traditional wavelet packet.