Torque sensors calibration of electromechanical complexes shafts

Noncontacting torquemeters calibration is one of the acute tasks currently. Such sensors are widely used in measuring torques and torsional oscillations of elastic shafts of industrial plants and electromechanical systems. Noncontacting torquemeters must be properly calibrated before they are used to measure torque and torsional oscillations of rotating shafts. The paper describes a new approach to solving the task of calibration of noncontacting torquemeters and torsional oscillations meters of elastic shafts. The approach is based on the finite elements method as well as realized in the measuring device – torquemeter. The torquemeter allows to measure little torques and torsional oscillations of elastic shafts of electromechanical complexes.


Introduction
Diagnostic systems are widely used to determine the dynamic state of rotating electrical machines.Vibration diagnosis systems have an important place among such systems [1,2].Vibration diagnostics systems comprise noncontacting torquemeters of rotating shafts of electromechanical complexes.Identification of attributes is one of the most time-consuming tasks in their development of vibration diagnostics systems.These attributes determine the intervals of good or fault state of the machine.This task solution is connected to measuring torques and torsional oscillations on elastic rotating shafts of electromechanical complexes [3][4][5].Elastic shafts torsional oscillations appear at a sudden change of the torque applied to the shaft, e.g. at a sudden start or cutoff of the shaft rotating engine.Elastic shafts torsional oscillations measurement is based on torsional deformation measurement method by low-frequency triangular or saw-tooth voltages.This voltage is measure at high-voltage amplifiers (HVA) outputs during the action period of rotating shaft torsional deformation.Then HVA determine their delay [3,[6][7][8].
The shaft torsional angle or, otherwise, the shaft two sections angle of relative rotation, disposed at distance  one from another, under the action of torque  is expressed by: where  -shaft material shear modulus;  -shaft section polar moment,  -shaft torque.Maximum shaft sensing element (SE) torsional angle is limited by the allowable value of transverse strain  in measuring shaft SE outer layers, expressed by: where  -measuring shaft diameter.From Eq. ( 1)-( 3) can be expressed: i.e. differential beat voltage is proportional to the shaft period of rotation or the reference HVA high voltage period and transverse strains  on the shaft SE outer layers.

Structural flow chart of torsional deformation meter by differential beat voltage
The structural flow chart of torque and torsional oscillations measuring device of rotating elastic shaft is shown in Fig. 2 [1,3,4,6].Reference HVA о high voltage comes on input 1 of HVDA circuit.Shifted high voltage from HVA с comes on input 2 of HVDA circuit and delays for the time  relative to HVA о high voltage (Fig. 3(а)).As a result of subtraction of two output HVA high voltages on HVDA circuit input appears differential beat voltage  () =  () (Fig. 3(c)).Instantaneous differential beat voltage equals an absolute value of instantaneous values difference of reference and shifted HVA output high voltages [1,3,4,6]: though formally the sign of beat voltage can be taken into account  () =  () [1,3,4,6].In Eq. ( 5)  () -HVA с shifted signal voltage.The above said is shown in (Fig. 3(b), (c)).Instantaneous differential beat voltage, which is constant through most of the modulation period  =  , is a basic one.
Then, the basic differential beat voltage taking into account Eq. ( 4) equals: where Δ -output voltages deviation;  =  -modulation frequency.Usually Δ of high voltage amplifiers can up to 200 V, and  -dozens of Hz.
After subtracting reference and shifted instantaneous HVA output high voltages in HVDA circuit, at its input instantaneous differential beat voltage is singled out, coming on the input of analogue-to-digital converter (ADC).ADC transforms instantaneous differential beat voltage  () =  () into digital beat code  () =  ().

Realization of torsional deformation meter by differential beat voltage
Photoelectric (or inductive) sensors 1 and 2 shaft speeds (Fig. 2) are installed along the shaft.These sensors produce two phase-shifted signals with a frequency proportional to the frequency of rotation of the shaft.
The elastic shaft torquemeter consisting reference and shifted HVA high voltages and singling out differential beat voltage and digital beat code (Fig. 2), comprises sensors 1 and 2 of the shaft speed, placed on the borders of the shaft measuring area.Sensors outputs 1 and 2 are connected by Schmitt trigger circuits 3 and 4 and frequency dividers 5 and 6 to integrators inputs 7 and 8, which in their turn are equipped at the output with high voltage amplifiers HVA о 9 and HVA с 10.The latter outputs are connected to subtract circuit inputs (high voltage differential amplifier HVDA 11, ADC 12 mounted on its output, its output connected to the input of digital beat code calculator 13 (computing machine) and indicator 14 [3,6].Code detector 15, differentiating circuit 16, computing machine 17 and indicator 18 are introduced into the structural flowchart of torque measurement (Fig. 2) for singling out elastic shaft torsional oscillations, their measurement and assessment.

The task of rotating shafts noncontacting torquemeters calibration on the finite elements method
Rotating shafts noncontacting torquemeters calibration is primarily based on assessment of shear deformation along elastic SE section of their measuring shafts (round torsion bars), when variable torques are applied to them.
Assuming the shaft rotates at an angular frequency  , and when rotating affected by torques  and  torsional oscillations of frequency Ω appears.The torques  and  are created by elastic strains, inertia moments or external moments relative to measuring shaft SE -elastic torsion bar, its form of section unchanged.In this case only elastic torsion bar angle deflection  takes place.Values of measuring shaft SE elements torsion do not remain constant and equal to  , but change at linear velocity  = Ω , where  -is shaft radius [9].Thus, function  depends only on coordinate  and does not depend on coordinates  and  (Fig. 4).The task of rotating shafts torquemeter calibration is to measure displacements in time at all measuring shaft SE points.For this purpose discretization along coordinate ℎ and time  for measuring shaft SE is introduced.Following this, the mesh steps are numbered [9].
Next, an arbitrary element numbered as  of measuring shaft round torsion bar is selected and its dynamic equilibrium equation is written in the form of: where  -is an element inertia forces moment (element inertia moment).Torques are determined through transverse strains [9,10]: where  -is the distance from the area element to the measuring shaft SE (radius) centre (Fig. 4).
Transverse strains  change over surface  both by value and direction.Transverse strains are proportional to : where  -shear modulus of measuring shaft SE material.Now the expression for the torque can be written in the following form: Eventually the equilibrium equation acquires the following form [9,10]: This equation introducing discretization not only by coordinate , but also by time , where  -time step number,  -time step in time.The inertia moment is proportional to the torsion bar section inertia polar moment  =  ℎ, where  -is measuring shaft material density.
Length elements ℎ and time values , determining discretization by coordinate  and by time  are physical constants for elastic measuring shaft SE, i.e. constants ℎ = const and  = const [11].In this case torsion time is determined by [11]: These Eqs. ( 12), (13) for mesh step in time and torsion bar torsion time are used to calibrate noncontacting torquemeters of rotating shafts.
Mechanical oscillations propagation speed in solid bodies is determined by: where  -elastic modulus,  -shaft material density,  -Poisson's ratio.Then maximum deformations in all the shaft SE elements turn out to be the same and equal [9]: Calibration is carried out as follows: basing on the expressions for mesh step in time and torsion bar torsion time, a calibration circuit is introduced into rotating shafts noncontacting torquemeters in which mesh step in time and torsion bar torsion time are replaced by delay time  =  = const in the delay line in measuring calibration circuit (Fig. 5).Preserving the phase shift shaped harmonic signals (Fig. 5(b))  () from HVA о and  () from the delay line are transmitted to the voltage subtraction circuit.ADC (Fig. 5(a)) is linked up with the voltage subtraction circuit output, connected to the computing machine input.The computing machine calculates digital beat code  (), coming from ADC output, which is proportional to the resulting shear deformations  under the effect of torsional moments  and  [3,4,6].Following this, the beat code  () comes on the indicator input.
The computing machine transforms the beat code  () into the elastic shaft torsional deformations values.The output computation of elastic shaft torsional deformation in shaft torsion angular units or in torsional moments values is displayed by digital indicator [3][4][5][6].

Conclusions
A new approach of rotating shafts noncontacting torquemeters calibration is used in the article, based on new technical solutions and methods.It has been realized by phase shift meter and differential digital beat code with reference high voltage amplifier.The presented new method of noncontacting torquemeters calibration can be practically applied when measuring and controlling torsional moments, and when diagnosing and assessing the remaining operation life of energy consuming machines working shafts -presses, compressors, NPP pumps on a real-time basis.

Fig. 1 .
Symmetrical saw-tooth law of: a) HVA high voltage change, b) differential voltage at HVA voltage ramp

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Structural flow chart of torquemeter and torsional oscillations meter of elastic shaft by differential beat voltage

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Time charts of processes inside torquemeter and torsional oscillations measuring device of elastic shaft by differential beat voltage

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Time charts of processes inside torquemeter and torsional oscillations measuring device of elastic shaft by differential beat voltage

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Measuring calibration circuit, integrated in rotating shafts noncontacting torquemeters Rotating shafts noncontacting torquemeters calibration is based on the use of measuring system, comprising reference high voltage amplifier HVA о , its voltage  () changing by sinusoidal harmonic law, delay line, HVDA voltage subtraction circuit, analogue-to-digital converter ADC, computing machine and indicator.