Generalized solitary waves in nonintegrable KdV equations

The generalization of the classical Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) solitary wave solution is presented in this paper. The amplitude and the propagation speed of generalized KdV solitary waves vary in time. Generating partial differential equations and conditions of existence of the generalized KdV solitary waves are derived using the inverse balancing method. Computational experiments illustrate the variety of new solitary solutions and their generating equations.


Introduction
Solitary solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations play a major part in mathematical physics [1].While most commonly solitary waves maintain constant amplitude and propagation speed (because they are obtained via the traveling wave substitution = + ) recent developments include solitary solutions which have either a variable amplitude or propagation speed, or both.It is demonstrated in [2] that soliton's amplitude and width can alter during the propagation in the model of (2+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations in a graded-index waveguide.It is shown that the maximum amplitude of the solitary solution to the (1+1)D CQNLS equation in the self-focusing quintic case does depend on the propagation distance [3].
A number of oscillating solitons such as the dromion and solitoff have been shown to satisfy the nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional Broer-Kaup (BK) equations in [4].The deformed soliton, breather and rogue wave solutions of the inhomogeneous nonlinear Hirota equation with linear inhomogeneous coefficients and higher-order dispersion are discussed in [5].The variational approach is employed in [6] to construct three classes approximate azimuthally modulated vortex solitons for the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation with transverse nonperiodic modulation.Higher-order Dirac solitons, which have amplitude profiles that repeat periodically over large propagation distances are investigated in [7].
Solitary solutions are often considered in the context of birefringent optical fibers.In [8], an analytic model is constructed to demonstrate polarized soliton oscillations in a lossy elliptically low birefringent optical fiber.A study on the propagation of optical solitons through birefringent fibers in the presence of spatio-temporal dispersion is presented in [9].The Riccati equation and Jacobian elliptic equation methods are used to study the propagation of optical solitons in birefringent fibers with parabolic law nonlinearity [10].Bright and dark 1-soliton solutions of systems modeling birefringent fibers are considered using several perturbation terms in [11].The dynamics of soliton propagation through optical metamaterials can be found in [12].
There have also been reports of experimental evidence of solitary solutions with non-constant speed and amplitude.A discussion on the way spiralling elliptic solitons can be observed experimentally can be found in [13].A study on soliton frequency shifts in few-cycle ultrashort laser pulses propagating through resonant media has recently been published in [14]; self-decelarating Airy-Bessel light bullets are is discussed in [15].
Recent exact solitary solution derivation techniques have demonstrated that the field is no longer limited to the classical soliton.The curved soliton solution = sech ( + exp(− )) to the damped externally excited KdV equation has been obtained in [16]; the embedded and annula soliton solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Burgers equation have been discussed in [17].
The main objective of this article is to provide an analytical framework for the determination of the generating equations which possess generalized solitary solutions with non-constant amplitude and propagation speed.The inverse balancing method is used to identify classes of nonlinear partial differential equations that admit such solitary solutions.Conditions of existence for generalized solitary solutions are derived; computational experiments illustrate the variety of new solitary solutions and their generating equations.

Korteweg-de-Vries solitary waves
It is well-known that the Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) equation: which models one-dimensional shallow water waves with small amplitudes does admit the solitary-wave solution: where , , ∈ ℝ are parameters that can be computed from Eq. ( 1) [1].Note that corresponds to the constant propagation speed of the wave; corresponds to the amplitude and is the level of undisturbed water.The plot of Eq. ( 2) is given in Fig. 1.
In this paper, the following generalization of Eq. ( 2) is considered: where ( ) corresponds to the variable amplitude of the solitary wave and ( , ) to the propagation speed (which need not be constant).The functions , are continuous, differentiable and do not have essential singularities.This generalization allows the consideration of waves with soliton-like characteristics -but with variable speed and amplitude.
The equations ( 9) are not integrable; however, it has been shown that solitary solutions exist in many nonintegrable systems [18].Furthermore, their properties can be different than those that are encountered in integrable systems, including non-constant amplitude and propagation speed [18].

Derivation of generalized solitary solutions and their conditions
Suppose the following partial differential equation is given: where , , are known functions of , .Comparing Eqs. ( 9) and ( 11) yields that Eq. ( 11) admits the generalized KdV solitary solution Eq. (3) if the following equations hold: ( , ) = ( ) .
The consistency condition ( ) = ( ) and Eqs. ( 12)-( 14) results in the constraint: Furthermore, if only real-valued solutions are considered, the condition: must be satisfied.Then Eqs. ( 13), ( 14) have the solution: From Eqs. ( 15) and ( 19) it follows that the parameters of the generalized KdV solitary wave read: Note that: for all ( , ), thus only the positive-sign branch of Eq. ( 21) is considered further in this paper.

Cauchy initial value problem on Eq. (11)
The Cauchy initial value problem on the partial differential Eq. ( 11) can be posed in the 1969.GENERALIZED SOLITARY WAVES IN NONINTEGRABLE KDV EQUATIONS.ZENONAS NAVICKAS, MINVYDAS RAGULSKIS, ROMAS MARCINKEVICIUS, TADAS TELKSNYS following way: given the Eq. ( 11), find a generalized KdV solitary solution Eq. ( 3) subject to initial conditions: The derivations of Subsection 3.2 indicate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution to the discussed Cauchy problem.The partial differential Eq. ( 11) admits the generalized KdV solitary solution Eq. ( 3) if and only if the coefficients of the equation ( , ), ( , ), ( , ) satisfy the conditions Eqs. ( 16), ( 17) and (18).
The coefficients of the equation read: Eq. ( 24) has a generalized KdV solitary solution because conditions Eqs. ( 16), ( 17) and ( 18) hold true.Eqs. ( 15) and ( 19) read: The solution of Eqs. ( 26) and ( 27), according to Eqs. ( 20) and ( 21) reads: Thus, the equation has the generalized solitary solution: Note that the constants , only determine the location of the peak amplitude of the solitary wave.The plot of Eq. ( 30) is given in Fig. 2. The propagation speed of the solitary wave remains constant throughout all values of ∈ ℝ -but while the amplitude of the solitary solution decays in time.

Solitary wave with bounded growing amplitude
Let the following partial differential equation be given: Following the same steps as in the previous examples, it is obtained that: This type of generalized solitary solution has a growing amplitude as increases (or decreases) from (Fig. 4).However, the amplitude of the solitary wave does not increase unboundedly.
Nonlinear waves such as Eq. ( 46), in which energy concentrates in an oscillatory fashion are called breathers [1].The solution Eq. ( 46) is an example of a breather with constant amplitude: the amplitude of the wave varies for different , but it does not decay (Fig. 5).
The obtained solution Eq. ( 50) is a type of breather which has decaying amplitude (Fig. 6).

Conclusions
It is shown that the classical Korteweg-de-Vries solitary wave can be generalized to represent solitary wave structures with variable amplitude and propagation speed.The generating equations that have generalized KdV solitary solutions are derived using the inverse balancing method.The solution of this inverse problem helps to identify the form of partial differential equations that admit generalized KdV solitary solutions.Conditions of existence of such solutions in the obtained class of partial differential equations are derived.This technique of classical solitary wave generalization demonstrates that recent observations of solitary solutions with time-variable amplitude and propagation speed can be analysed by means of a lower order generating equation.This provides a solid foundation for the analysis of such solitary waves and provides the link between the parameters of the solution and the differential equation.
The application of the methods described in this paper to other forms of generalized solitary solutions remains a definite object of future research.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Classical KdV solitary wave Eq. (2) with = = 13.Generating equations of generalized KdV solitary wavesPartial differential equations that admit the solution Eq. (3) are derived in this section.Conditions of the existence of solutions Eq. (3) in a class of differential equations are considered.