Published: 15 February 2016

Non-sinusoidal magnetoelastic waves in structural members

Vladimir I. Erofeev1
Aleksandr S. Plekhov2
Alexander E. Shokhin3
1Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
2, 3Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Corresponding Author:
Alexander E. Shokhin
Views 22
Reads 9
Downloads 1046

Abstract

The paper discuses propagation of longitudinal waves in a homogeneous nonlinear superconducting rod placed in strong magnetic field. By using the nonlinear Bishop model the equations of magnetoelasticity for the rod performing longitudinal oscillations has been derived. The evolution of nonlinear magnetoelastic waves is studied. As a result the conditions of formation of intense periodic magnetoelastic waves and magnetoelastic solitons are established.

1. Introduction

To improve vibrational safety of environment by electromagnetic control of machines vibration and creation of new magnetorheological materials it is necessary to formulate and solve a huge number of problems of both magnetic hydrodynamics of non-Newtonian fluids and magneto-elasticity of structural members. Remind that the magneto-elastic effect was discovered by Italian physicist E. Villary in 1865. However, magnetoelasticity as a scientific area, that emerged at the junction of solid mechanics, electrodynamics and acoustics, began to develop rapidly in the late 50-es of XX century. The first works were initiated by geophysics problems, namely the need to describe wave dynamics of deep layers of the Earth because of its conductivity and interaction with the geomagnetic field [1]. Since then dynamic processes in the interaction of electromagnetic fields and deformation have been actively studied. This is due to many physical, technical and technological applications, among of which are the problems of strength of structures and mechanisms operating in conditions of strong magnetic fields where Ampere forces resulting from the interaction of magnetic fields and currents can significantly effect on strength properties. Contactless excitation of oscillations and waves solves many technological problems in defectoscopy and vibro-processing of solidifying melts [2, 3].

Inclusion of different physical nature fields into mechanical systems opens new possibilities for development of engineering and technology [4-7]. Effects of magnetoelasticity occur in strong magnetic fields if generated loads can significantly affect wave and dissipative properties of the medium or in thin bodies: rods, plates and shells [8, 9]. Magnetoelastic medium is characterized by anisotropy of its properties created by a magnetic field. Magnetic field in a medium with finite conductivity causes an additional dissipation mechanism. These properties of magnetoelastic systems open new possibilities of practical application.

In this work a propagation of longitudinal waves in a homogeneous nonlinear superconducting rod placed in strong magnetic field is studied. The Bishop model is used to describe rod oscillation. In addition to Bernoulli model this takes into account kinetic energy of transverse motion of rod particles and potential energy of shear strain.

2. Equations of magnetoelasticity of rod

In magnetoelsticity it is proposed that electromagnetic field acts on deformation field by the Lorenz forces:

1
Fm=ρeE+j×B,

which are introduced into equations of motion:

2
ρ2uτ2=λ+μgrad div u+μΔu+Fnl+Fm,

here E – electric field intensity, B – magnetic induction vector; j – current density vector; ρe – bulk density of electric charges; u – displacement vector; λ, μ – elastic moduli of second order (Lame constants); ρ – material density; τ – time. Vector Fnl includes terms due to elastic nonlinearity. In case of only quadratic nonlinearity is taken into account, the vector components are expressed in terms of displacements gradient [10]:

3
Fi=μ+A4ul,kkul,i+ui,lul,kk+2ul,kui,lk+λ+μ+A4+B
×ul,kul,ik+ui,luk,lk+λ+Bul,lui,kk+B+2Cul,luk,ki
+λ+μ+A4+Bul,kul,ki+ui,luk,lk,

where A, B, C – are third order elastic constants (Landau moduli), index after the comma means differentiation with respect to the corresponding coordinates; repeated indices are summed.

From the Maxwell equations we obtain equations for electric D and magnetic B inductions:

4
Dτ=rotH-j,
5
Bτ=rotuτ×H+σΔB,

which are together with equations of state:

6
j=σE,
7
D=εeE, B=μeH,

need to be added to Eqs. (1)-(2). Here H – magnetic intensity, σ – conductivity, εe – dielectric permittivity and μe – magnetic permeability of medium.

As it is common for magnetoelasticity we neglect bias currents D/τ=0 and consider absence of electric charges ρe=0 [8]. Then equations of magnetoelasticity will be written as follows:

8
ρ2uτ2=λ+μgrad div u+μΔu+Fnl+14πrot H×H,
9
Hτ=rotuτ×H+σΔH.

Consider propagation of longitudinal waves in a homogeneous, non-linear elastic rod placed in an external magnetic field. Along with engineering (classical) models of rod’s dynamics a so-called refined or non-classical model are also known [11]. These models take into account additional factors affecting dynamic process or are free from some of the hypotheses adopted in engineering theory and limited their applicability. The Bishop model, by taking into account the additional kinetic energy of the transverse motion of the rod particles and the potential energy of shear strain, generalizes an adopted in describing the longitudinal vibrations of rod model based on classical theory of Bernoulli.

We assume that external magnetic field of intensity H0 is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Direction of external magnetic field of intensity H0 with respect to longitudinal axis of the rod Ox1

The total magnetic field consists of a constant value and its disturbances occurring as a result of interaction with strain field:

10
H=H0n+h,

where n – vector of normal, h – a small perturbation of the magnetic field.

For longitudinal waves in the rod:

11
u=u1,0,0, h=0,0,h3, H=0,0,H0+h3.

Then system of equations of magnetoelasticity for the Bishop model of rod takes the form:

12
Vτ-c021+6α1EUUx1-ν2R22x12Vτ-cτ2Vτ+14πρH0+h3h3x1=0,
Uτ-Vx1=0, h3τ+H0+h3Vx1+Vh3x1-c24πσ2h3x12=0,

here V=u1/τ, U=u1/x1, ν – Poisson’s ratio, R=J0/F – polar radius of inertia, J0=F x22+x32dF – polar moment of inertia, F – cross-sectional area of the rod, E=μ3λ+2μ/λ+μ – Young’s modulus, α1=E/2+3λ/2+A+B1-2ν+C/31-6ν – elastic nonlinearity factor, c0=E/ρ – longitudinal wave velocity, cτ=μ/ρ – shear wave velocity, c – speed of light in vacuum.

We assume that the rod is a semi-infinite. Such idealization is acceptable if there is a disturbance source at one boundary of the rod and an optimal absorber at the second boundary, i.e. boundary conditions are so that no disturbance is reflected. In [12] on the basis of exact solutions of model problems for elastic systems the existence of the agreed end absorbers of different types of vibrations which do not reflect any disturbance in the system is justified. It allows to consider the model of rod Eq. (12) without taking into account the boundary conditions, and to consider vibrations propagating along the rod as traveling waves.

Let us pass to dimensionless variables in Eq. (12):

13
u=U, v=Vc0, h=h3H0, x~1=νRVp2-cτ2c02Vpx1, τ~=c0VpνRVp2-cτ2c02τ,

and introduce moving coordinate system:

14
x=x~1-Vpτ~, t=ετ~,

where Vp – characteristic velocity of the waves, unknown in advance, ε – small parameter.

Substitute Eqs. (13)-(14) in Eq. (12) while keeping the members with ε in power not higher than the first. The zero order approximation in the small parameter will determine the speed:

15
Vp=1-cA2c02.

The first order approximation leads to the following system of equation:

16
ut+αuux+3ux3-βhhx=0,
17
ht-γx(uh)-δ2hx2=0,

where cA=H02/4πρ – Alfven wave velocity, and:

α=-6α1EVp, β=cA2c02Vp, γ=Vp, δ=c2Vp4πσc0νRVp2-cτ2c02.

We can see, that evolution of strain field u is described by Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) Eq. (16), and evolution of disturbed magnetic field h – by Burgers equation Eq. (17). These equations are nonlinearly coupled in dynamic problem of magnetoelasticity. Nonlinear terms are included asymmetrically in Eqs. (16)-(17): strain field affects the magnetic field parametrically, while the magnetic field is a non-linear source of strain field.

In the approximation of an infinite conductivity of rod material and stationary magnetic field the system of equations Eqs. (16)-(17) transforms to the form:

18
ut+αuux+3ux3-βhhx=0, x(uh)=0.

3. Nonlinear stationary waves

From second equation of system Eq. (18) we obtain relation between strain and magnetic field intensity h=c/u, where c=const. Substituting this relation to the first equation of the system and passing to the traveling waves ξ=x-Vst, where Vs=const, after integration by ξ we obtain:

19
d2udξ2+au+bu2+cu-2=0,

here a=-Vs<0, b= ±1, and c – arbitrary constant opposite in sign to b. Introduce the following change of variables w=au, ξ=aη, then Eq. (19) take the form:

20
d2wdη2+Saw+Sbw2+ca4Saw-2=0,

where Sa=sign(a), Sb=sign(b).

Then from Eq. (20) we obtain two equations different from each other only by the sign in front nonlinear terms. So for b= 1 and c< 0 Eq. (20) take the form:

21
d2wdη2-w-w2+αw-2=0,

here α=-c/a4>0. In the second case for b= –1 and c> 0 Eq. (20) take the form:

22
d2wdη2-w+w2-βw-2=0,

where β=c/a4>0.

First of all we consider Eq. (21) having the first integral in the form:

23
12dwdη2-12w2-13w2+αw-1=E,

which can be interpreted as the energy conservation law for anharmonic oscillator. Here E – is the integration constant meaning the initial energy of the system, and function fw=-w2/2-u3/3+αw-1 means potential energy. For α>0 potential energy function has two branches, one of which reaches its minimum at w=w0<0 and the second reaches its maximum at w=w1>0. Numerical values of equilibrium positions w0 for different values of parameter α are shown in Table 1.

Table 1Numerical values of equilibrium positions u0 for different values of parameter α

α
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
1,6
10
100
10000
w0
–1,001
–1,01
–1,08
–1,38
–1,5
–2,1
–3,445
–10,25
p
1
0,97
0,78
0,17
0
–0,566
–1,13
–1,7
q
0,004
0,038
0,27
0,79
0,843
0,998
0,82
0,35

On the phase plane w,dw/dη a point of minimum potential energy with coordinates w0,fw0 corresponds to a stable equilibrium position of the “center” type. Note that function of the potential energy for Eq. (22) has a similar form as for Eq. (21). Herewith it is symmetrical with respect to the axis w=0; i.e. it has minimum at point w=-w0>0, and maximum at point w=-w1<0. In this equation the stable equilibrium position of the “center” type corresponds to the point -w0,f-w0. Therefore, periodic solutions of Eqs. (21)-(22) near position of equilibrium are the same so we further restrict ourselves to study Eq. (21).

Finding the exact solution of Eq. (21) is associated with certain difficulties. To simplify the problem we write the expansion of Eq. (21) near the equilibrium position, i.e. in powers of w+w0. Then it takes the form:

24
d2wdη2+ω02w-pw2+qw3=0,

where ω02=-1+2w0+2αw0-3, p=1-3αw0-4, q=-4αw0-5.

Solution of Eq. (24) is described by elliptic sine:

25
w=A0sn(mη,s)+p3q,

where A0=2ms/-q - amplitude of stationary wave, m – nonlinear analogue of wave number (m2=3ω02/q-p2/3q1+s2), s2 – square of elliptic function modulus changing in the range of 0s21 and determining wave form. Elliptic function modulus equals zero is characteristic for linear processes. In this case elliptical sinus turns into trigonometric sine and stationary wave is harmonic. If the module is close to unity, then the periodic wave has a meander shape (Fig. 2). If the module is equal to one, then the elliptic sine transforms into the hyperbolic tangent, in this case stationary wave is solitary (soliton) and represents a jump from one constant value to another (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2. Periodic wave shape at s21 (Ks denotes complete elliptic integral of the first kind)

Fig. 3. Solitary wave shape

Numerical values of equations coefficients depending on the parameter α are in the Table 1. It shows that the values of p can be both positive and negative. In particular, for α=1.6 and p=0 Eq. (24) turns into Duffing equation. Because of q <1, the contribution of qw3 term to the solution of the Eq. (24) is negligible near the equilibrium position, that allow to consider only the equation with quadratic nonlinearity instead of Eq. (21).

4. Conclusions

The system of dynamic equations of magnetoelasticity for rod is reduced to evolution equations with respect to the longitudinal deformation and intensity of the magnetic field, which are similar to known in nonlinear wave dynamics the Korteweg-de Vries equation and the Burgers equation but coupled together. As a result of analytical studies the possibility of the formation of intense periodic magnetoelastic waves and magnetoelastic solitons is demonstrated.

References

  • Knopoff L. The interaction between elastic waves motion and a magnetic field in an electric conductor. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 60, Issue 4, 1955, p. 441-456.
  • Klyuev V. V. Non-Destructive Testing and Diagnostics. Guide. Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 2003.
  • Uglov A. A. Physico-Chemical Processes for Processing Materials by the Consentrated Streams of Energy. Nauka, Moscow, 1977.
  • Maugin G. A. Continuum Mechanics of Electromagnetic Solids. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013.
  • Rudenko O. V. Nonlinear waves: some biological applications. Physics-Uspekhi, Vol. 50, 2007, p. 359-367.
  • Kulikovskii A. G.,Sveshnikova E. I. Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Media. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, 1998
  • Porubov A. V. Amplification of Nonlinear Strain Waves in Solids. World Scientific. New Jersey, London, Singapore, Hong Kong, 2003.
  • Ambartsumyan S. A., Bagdasaryan G. E., Belubekyan M. V. Magnetoelasticity of Thin Plates and Shells. Nauka, Moscow, 1977.
  • Bar-Cohen Y. Electroactive polymers as artificial muscles: a review. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 39, Issue 6, 2002, p. 822-827.
  • Erofeyev V. I. Wave Processes in Solids with Microstructure. World Scientific. New Jersey, London, Singapore, Hong Kong, 2003.
  • Bolotin V. V. Vibrations in the Technique. Guide. Vol. 1. Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1978.
  • Vesnitsky A. I. Selected Works on Mechanics. Nash Dom, Nizhny Novgorod, 2010.

About this article

Received
20 October 2015
Accepted
07 December 2015
Published
15 February 2016
SUBJECTS
Mechanical vibrations and applications
Keywords
magnetoelasticity
waves
nonlinear dynamics
rod
Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under Grant 15-19-10026.