Published: 17 December 2017

Research on consumption prediction of spare parts based on fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and fractional order model

Yukun Chen1
Qi Gao2
Xiaobo Su3
Chenchen Yu4
1, 2, 3Shijiazhuang Division of Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China
3Shijiazhuang Division of PLAA Infantry Academy, Shijiazhuang, China
4The Third Office of Troop 63916, Beijing, China
Corresponding Author:
Yukun Chen
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Abstract

In order to achieve the non-stationary de-noising signal effectively, and to solve the prediction of less sample, a hybrid model composed of FCCA (Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm) and FOM (Fractional Order Model) was constructed. The degree of each data point was determined by FCCA to de-noise and the p order cumulative matrix was extended to r fractional cumulative matrix, so that the fractional order cumulative grey model was established to make forecasting. The results of numerical example showed that the hybrid model can obtain better prediction accuracy.

1. Introduction

In the analysis of vibration abrasion, noise factor is a significant aspect to reduce the prediction accuracy. In order to discard noise in signal, scholars domestic and abroad have carried on many years of research, and the de-noising methods such as Fourier transform [1-3] and wavelet transform [4, 5] were proposed. However, although the stationary signal can be de-noised by Fourier transform well, but this method can hardly identify the high frequency part and noise of the signal, which is not conducive to the analysis of non-stationary signals. Compared with the Fourier transform, the wavelet transform can improve the performance of de-noising of non-stationary nonlinear time-varying signals, but the effect of wavelet filtering is unsatisfactory when the noise is large, or the energy is limited, and also the wavelet basis is not easy to select.

For improving the situation mentioned above, a fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm was established. After distinguishing large scale noise and sharp features, fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm was utilized to cluster the sharp features and obtain more accurate data. Besides, considering the characteristics of less samples, the fractional order cumulative model was established to reduce the perturbation bounds and improve the stability of the prediction model.

2. Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm

Fuzzy C-mean clustering (FCM) is a method which utilizes the membership degree to determine the degree of each data point belonging to a certain cluster. A set of data can be divided into two or more cluster centers by FCM. Suppose that P=p1,p2,,pN is a set of data points with sdimensional which containsNdata points. Then the set can be divided into C clusters: V=v1,v2,,vC, where vi is center of the cluster. Thus, the objective function of the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm is defined as:

1
Jmu,v=k=1Ni=1Cukimdki2pk,vi,

where:

uki – The membership degree of data point pk relative to cluster center vi;

m – Fuzzy control degree parameter;

dki2pk,vi – Euclidean distance between data point pk and cluster center vi, and dki2pk,vi=pk-vi2.

The constraints of Eq. (1) are as follows:

2
i=1Cuki=1, k, 0<k=1Nuki<N, i, 0i=1Cuki1, k,i.

In order to reflect the influence of different data points, the improved fuzzy clustering method was established, which defined the fuzzy weight coefficient ω of fuzzy weight distance, based on the different contribution of different data points to the same cluster center. And then the distance between the data points pk and the cluster centers vi is defined as:

3
dki2pk,vi=1/ωkipk-vi2,
4
ωki=ukiWi, Wi=k=1Nuki.

In contrast, the fuzzy weight coefficient makes the distance farther more farther and closer, which can reduce the influence of noise, and make the clustering results better.

The basic steps of the algorithm are as follows:

1) Set the radius of the bounding sphere is R, and the threshold ξ of the number of data points in the sphere is determined according to the density of the point cloud;

2) Select a data point pk and calculate the number of the adjacent points ε in the sphere enclosed of which the center is pk and the radius is R;

3) Compare the number of data in sphere enclosed and the threshold value ξ, if ε<ξ, the data point would be determined as noise and deleted directly;

4) If εξ the data point pk is regarded as the qualified point, the improved FCM algorithm is utilized to cluster the enclosing sphere contains pk. Meanwhile, the data in the cluster is recorded, and all data in the sphere will be replaced by the data of the cluster center;

5) Return to step (2) and determine the remaining points in turn.

3. Fractional order model

In order to define the fractional order operation, the ascending order function was introduced:

5
xnxx+1x+n-1 , nZ0+, xR,
6
xnxx+1x+n-1n!,

where x0= 1.

The fractional cumulative grey model GMr,1 is obtained after making the order of GMp,1 extended to the general positive real number r. Then Ck-i+p-1k-i can be obtained by combining with Eq. (1):

7
Ck-i+p-1k-i=k-i+p-1!p-1!k-i!=pp+1p+k-i-1k-i!= pk-i.

Make p extended to r which is general positive real number and rR+. The r order cumulative generating series can be defined as:

8
xrk=i=1k rk-ix0i.

When r0,+, xrk is r fractional order accumulation, which can be written in matrix form:

9
Xr=X0r,

where:

10
r=1r1 rn-2 rn-101 rn-3 rn-2001r10001.

r is r fractional order cumulative matrix.

Similar to the integer order cumulative matrix, the transposed matrix of r is a r fractional Inverse cumulative matrix.

The reverse fractional order cumulative generation of series can be obtained by Xr=X0rT, then the reverse cumulative gray model GOMr,1 can be established.

The discrete form of fractional order model GMr,1 can be expressed as:

11
xrk+1=αxrk+β,

where r0,+.

Because detr=10, so the r is nonsingular matrices. Therefore, the r-1 exists, and r·r-1= r-1 ·r=I, where I is unit matrix.

4. Numerical example

As shown in Table 1, in order to verify the validity and reliability of the established hybrid model, the data from [6] was used as original signal for analyzing.

Table 1The original signal from 2007 to 2015

Time
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Consumption
33
35
25
34
38
31
26
35
36

4.1. Data analysis

According to Table 1, the original series shows non-stationary characteristics. In order to test the prediction ability of established model, the consumption from 2007 to 2014 were utilized as input to forecast consumption in 2015.

4.2. Simulation

In order to eliminate the influence of noise in the series, the original data was utilized as input to Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm. Before the prediction, the residual was discarded, and the de-noised data were constructed by FCCA. The original data and the de-noised data were shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1The de-noised and original consumption data

The de-noised and original consumption data

The prediction model was established by fractional order grey model GM(r,1) and the optimal order r was 0.703, which calculated by genetic algorithm. And then the prediction results of de-noised signal were calculated. Moreover, for facilitate analyzing the predictive capabilities of FCCA-FOM, GM(1,1), FOM model and EWT-BP neural network were employed for comparison. The relative error and mean relative error(MRE) were utilized to measure the forecasting accuracy, and the results were shown in Table 2.

Table 2The prediction results and performance evaluations of forecasting results by different models

Time and MRE
Actual data
FCCA-FOM
GM(1,1)
FOM
EWT-BP neural network
Prediction data
Relative error/%
Prediction data
Relative error/%
Prediction data
Relative error/%
Prediction data
Relative error/%
2007
33
32.1
–2.73
35.9
8.79
36.7
11.21
34.6
4.85
2008
35
36.5
4.29
33.3
–4.86
33.4
–4.57
36.9
5.43
2009
25
25.9
3.60
27.1
8.40
26.5
6.00
26.3
5.20
2010
34
35.5
4.41
32.1
–5.59
31.7
–6.76
36.1
6.18
2011
38
39.4
3.68
40.3
6.05
39.8
4.74
36.4
–4.21
2012
31
30.3
–2.26
28.8
–7.10
29.9
–3.55
29.5
–4.84
2013
26
27.5
5.77
28.9
11.2
29.1
11.92
27.6
6.15
2014
35
35.8
2.29
36.9
5.43
37.5
7.14
36.5
4.29
2015
36
36.9
2.50
38.6
7.22
38.8
7.78
37.7
4.72
MRE /%
3.50
7.18
7.07
5.10

4.3. Comparisons and discussion

According to the results of the Table 1, the relative error and the average relative error of FCCA-FOM are all smaller than the other 3 models, which can reflect the better accuracy and practicability of the model. Furthermore, it can be seen that the Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm can effectively improve the prediction accuracy through comparison between FCCA-FOM and FOM.

5. Conclusions

Considering the noise in consumption series, a hybrid forecasting method combining FCCA and Fractional order was proposed, which can eliminate the noise in the original series and improve the prediction accuracy. At the same time, the method requires less data and no complicated integral calculation, which is easier to implement and convenient for engineering application. The numerical example showed that the relative error and average relative error of FCM-FOM model are less than GM(1,1), FOM and EWT-BP neural network, which reflect the accuracy of the model established.

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About this article

Received
15 November 2017
Accepted
25 November 2017
Published
17 December 2017
SUBJECTS
Mathematical models in engineering
Keywords
signal de-noising
prediction model
fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm
fractional order model