Published: 31 December 2017

Improved numerical approximation of dry friction phenomena

K. Ragulskis1
P. Paškevičius2
A. Bubulis3
A. Pauliukas4
L. Ragulskis5
1Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Gedimino pr. 3, LT-01103 Vilnius, Lithuania
2UAB “Vaivora”, Palemono 2A, LT-52191 Kaunas, Lithuania
3Kaunas University of Technology, Mechatronics Institute, Studentų str. 56, LT-51424, Kaunas, Lithuania
4Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų g. 11, LT-53361 Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania
5Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT-44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
Corresponding Author:
K. Ragulskis
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Abstract

In the numerical investigation of vibration problems with dry friction it is accepted to use some type of approximation to this phenomenon. Often linear variation of the force of friction in a region around zero velocity is assumed. In this paper trigonometric variation is proposed and comparison of numerical results is performed. From the presented results higher precision of this approximation is observed.

1. Introduction

In the numerical investigation of vibration problems with dry friction it is accepted to use some type of approximation to this phenomenon. Often linear variation of the force of friction in a region around zero velocity is assumed. In this paper trigonometric variation is proposed and comparison of numerical results is performed. From the presented results higher precision of this approximation is observed.

Analysis of linear variation of the force of friction in a region around zero velocity is presented in [1]. The role of dry friction is highlighted in [2-4]. Engineering assumptions in modelling systems with dry friction are presented in [5]. Models comprising dry friction are discussed in [6, 7]. Mechanical systems with dry friction are investigated in [8]. Mechanisms for surface cleaning based on dry friction are discussed in [9-12]. Problems of dry friction in the micro scale are investigated in [13-16]. Applications of dry friction in vibration engineering are discussed in [17, 18].

2. Investigation of numerical approximations to dry friction phenomenon

The investigated vibrating system is described by the following equation:

1
mu¨+cu˙+H+ku=Psinωt,

where m is the mass of the structure, c is the coefficient of viscous friction, k is the stiffness of the structure, u is the displacement, P is the amplitude of the exciting force, ω is the frequency of excitation, H is the approximation of the force of dry friction and the upper dot denotes differentiation with respect to time t.

In the numerical calculations it is assumed that:

2
H=Hp+Cu˙-u˙p,

where C is a function defined further and the subscript p denotes the previous value of the corresponding variable.

Thus, the following equation is solved:

3
mu¨+c+Cu˙+ku=Psinωt-Hp+Cu˙p.

2.1. Conventional linear approximation of dry friction

It is assumed that:

4
C=hΔ, u˙<Δ,0, u˙Δ,

where h is the coefficient of dry friction and Δ determines the width of the transition region.

The following parameters of the investigated structure are assumed: ω= 1, h= 1.6, Δ= 0.8, c= 0.1, P= 4, m= 1, k= 1. Calculations from zero initial conditions are performed and two periods of steady state motions are represented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

a) Displacement as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

b) Velocity as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

c) Acceleration as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

d)H as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

e)C as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

f)H as function of velocity

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

g)C as function of velocity

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

h) Phase trajectory: velocity as function of displacement

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

i) Phase trajectory: acceleration as function of velocity

2.2. Trigonometric approximation of dry friction

It is assumed that:

5
C=ddu˙hsinπ2u˙Δ=hπ21Δcosπ2u˙Δ, u˙<Δ,0, u˙Δ.

Calculations from zero initial conditions are performed and two periods of steady state motions are represented in Fig. 2.

From the obtained results higher precision of trigonometric approximation is seen. This is especially evident from the indicated minimum and maximum values of H.

Fig. 2Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

a) Displacement as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

b) Velocity as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

c) Acceleration as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

d)H as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

e)C as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

f)H as function of velocity

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

g)C as function of velocity

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

h) Phase trajectory: velocity as function of displacement

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

i) Phase trajectory: acceleration as function of velocity

3. Investigation of more complicated numerical approximation to dry friction phenomenon

The increase of the coefficient of dry friction near to the value of zero velocity is often assumed. It is considered that:

6
hΔ=haΔa,

where ha is the increase of the coefficient of dry friction near to the value of zero velocity and Δa determines the width of the transition region between the values of the coefficient of dry friction h and h+ha.

From this equation the relationship between ha and Δa is determined:

7
ha=hΔaΔ.

3.1. Conventional linear approximation of dry friction

It is assumed that:

8
C=hΔ, u˙<Δ+Δa,-hΔ, Δ+Δau˙<Δ+2Δa,0, u˙Δ+2Δa.

The following parameters of the investigated structure are assumed: ω= 1, h= 1.6, Δ= 0.8, Δa= 0.8, c= 0.1, P= 4, m= 1, k= 1. Calculations from zero initial conditions are performed and two periods of steady state motions are represented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

a) Displacement as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

b) Velocity as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

c) Acceleration as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

d)H as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

e)C as function of time

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

f)H as function of velocity

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

g)C as function of velocity

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

h) Phase trajectory: velocity as function of displacement

Steady state motion for linear approximation of dry friction

i) Phase trajectory: acceleration as function of velocity

3.2. Trigonometric approximation of dry friction

It is assumed that:

9
C=ddu˙h+hΔaΔsinπ2u˙Δ+Δa=h+hΔaΔπ21Δ+Δacosπ2u˙Δ+Δa,u˙<Δ+Δa,ddu˙const-12hΔaΔsinπ2u˙-Δ+1.5Δa0.5Δa=-12hΔaΔπ210.5Δacosπ2u˙-Δ+1.5Δa0.5Δa, Δ+Δau˙<Δ+2Δa, u˙>0,ddu˙const-12hΔaΔsinπ2u˙+Δ+1.5Δa0.5Δa=-12hΔaΔπ210.5Δacosπ2u˙+Δ+1.5Δa0.5Δa, Δ+Δau˙<Δ+2Δa, u˙<0,0, u˙Δ+2Δa.

Calculations from zero initial conditions are performed and two periods of steady state motions are represented in Fig. 4.

The obtained results demonstrate a higher precision of trigonometric approximation of the dry friction. This is especially evident from the indicated minimum and maximum values of H.

Fig. 4Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

a) Displacement as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

b) Velocity as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

c) Acceleration as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

d) H as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

e) C as function of time

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

f) H as function of velocity

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

g) C as function of velocity

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

h) Phase trajectory: velocity as function of displacement

Steady state motion for trigonometric approximation of dry friction

i) Phase trajectory: acceleration as function of velocity

4. Conclusions

In the numerical investigation of vibration problems with dry friction it is accepted to use some type of approximation to this phenomenon. Often linear variation of the force of friction in a region around zero velocity is assumed. In this paper, a trigonometric variation of the force of friction in a region around zero velocity is proposed, and the comparison of numerical results is presented. The obtained results do show a higher precision of the proposed approximation.

Investigation of the problem with more complicated dry friction phenomenon is also performed. The increase of the coefficient of dry friction near to the value of zero velocity is assumed. This model confirms the conclusions obtained previously for the simplest model of dry friction.

The advantage of the investigated models of dry friction when compared to some other known approximate models is in the fact that they have a local transition region near to the value of zero velocity.

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Cited by

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(2018)
Circular-linear model of the force of dry friction
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About this article

Received
03 October 2017
Accepted
27 December 2017
Published
31 December 2017
Keywords
dry friction
piecewise linear approximation
vibrations
numerical results
graphical relationships
Acknowledgements

The authors thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. They enabled to improve the paper.